Blue Carbon in Marine Protected Areas: Part 1
A Guide to Understanding and Increasing Protection of Blue Carbon

Coastal and marine ecosystems play a significant role in the global carbon cycle, sequestering and storing carbon over long timescales. These "blue carbon" ecosystems help mitigate climate change and its impacts by facilitating the uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) into the ocean and transporting carbon into sediments or deep waters, where it can remain indefinitely if undisturbed. Inclusion of these coastal and ocean processes as part of the solution to global climate change is essential to achieving global carbon mitigation and emission reduction goals; however, blue carbon is often overlooked in climate mitigation policies. Further, resource managers of the largest network of U.S. marine protected areas (MPAs), the Office of National Marine Sanctuaries (ONMS), have not incorporated assessments of blue carbon extent and functionality into their management plans, policies, or decisions, which can result in unintentional carbon emissions and lost opportunities to further protect and enhance carbon sequestration in MPAs.

Though blue carbon is a rapidly growing area of research, guidance for how to apply blue carbon information in MPA management is lacking, and for some sequestration processes, completely absent. Led by Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary (GFNMS), with support from the Greater Farallones Association, this review is Part 1 of a series to inform and guide MPA managers in the assessment, protection, and management of blue carbon habitats and processes. The purpose of this first report is to serve as an informational, guiding document to aid ONMS and MPA managers worldwide in considering and including blue carbon processes within management decision-making. This includes a review of blue carbon potential in MPAs, the role MPAs play in protecting and restoring blue carbon, potential future funding mechanisms to support blue carbon management, guiding principles for advancing blue carbon inclusion in MPA management, and a path forward for national marine sanctuaries. Guiding principles include:

• Ecosystem-based management is blue carbon management.
• With small initial investments, MPA managers can vastly increase their knowledge of blue carbon at their site.
• Blue carbon should be incorporated into marine spatial planning and considered in MPA designation and management.
• Managers should understand how to leverage blue carbon to finance MPAs.
• Certain management actions produce greater sequestration gains.
• Blue carbon management is not just coastal.
• Climate policies must include blue carbon.

To assist ONMS in implementing the above principles, Blue Carbon in Marine Protected Areas: Part 2; A Case Study provides an assessment of select blue carbon habitats and processes for GFNMS, and can serve as a model assessment for other sites in the National Marine Sanctuary System. As sites assess blue carbon sequestration potential, these assessments can build upon the body of knowledge in this series. The reports can serve as a preliminary step in ensuring that national marine sanctuary management protects and enhances the critical climate mitigation services of its coastal and ocean resources.

Key Words

blue carbon, carbon storage, carbon sequestration, carbon export, marine protected area, climate change, mitigation, seagrass, salt marsh, mangrove, phytoplankton, kelp, fish, whale