Maritime Heritage

Papahānaumokuākea's rich maritime heritage spans hundreds of years, predating written records. This continuum begins with Polynesian explorers, moves through the age of sail and World War II, and continues with present-day researchers. The waters of Papahānaumokuākea National Marine Sanctuary protect the remains of at least 60 shipwrecks and 67 aircrafts, as well as many places of cultural significance. The many layers of heritage have left a material legacy on the seafloor and a wealth of history to interpret. Material remains include American and British whaling ships, Japanese junks, navy steamers, Hawaiian fishing sampans, Pacific colliers, salvage vessels, and navy aircraft. These submerged sites and artifacts commemorate the brave sailors and navigators of the Pacific, offering a glimpse into a time before these atolls became one of the world's largest marine protected areas.

Today, we aim to understand and preserve the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands' resources. In the past, sailors exploited these islands for valuable mammals, fish, and birds. Over time, our focus shifted from exploitation to safeguarding these resources. Interpreting these shipwrecks and Papahānaumokuākea's maritime heritage connects us to this place and highlights our role in protecting its natural and cultural resources. Maritime archaeological surveys began in 2002 and continue to uncover seafaring mysteries to share with the public.

NOAA, the state of Hawaiʻi, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service have a shared statutory responsibility to inventory, evaluate, and protect maritime heritage resources. This work is guided by the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) and other relevant preservation laws.

diorama of Japanese air raid on Midway

Aircrafts

Explore the history, loss, and ongoing study of aircraft that came to rest in Papahānaumokuākea’s waters.

diver underwater at a shipwreck

Shipwrecks

Discover the diverse shipwrecks preserved across Papahānaumokuākea, from whaling vessels to naval ships, and what they reveal about centuries of navigation, commerce, and conflict in the Pacific.

diver filming shipwreck

Midway

Learn about the maritime heritage of Midway Atoll, including vessels and aircraft connected to World War II and the atoll’s role in one of the most significant naval battles in Pacific history.

Maritime archaeologist examines sunken shipwreck site

Whaling

Examine the archaeological and historical legacy of 19th-century whaling in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands and its lasting impacts on marine ecosystems and maritime culture.

bow of historic shipwreck on shores of laysan island

Library

Papahānaumokuākea's maritime heritage efforts have captured national and international attention over the years. Please explore some of the archive articles published about maritime heritage projects and stories in Papahānaumokuākea.